CBNFM Asia

Country environmental studies: An annotated bibliography of environmental and natural resource profiles and assessments — by International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) — last modified 2006-10-18 00:26

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Australia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America. Bibliography.

Country environmental studies: An annotated bibliography of environmental and natural resource profiles and assessments — by International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) — last modified 2007-06-12 19:38

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Australia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America. Bibliography.

Country environmental studies: An annotated bibliography of environmental and natural resource profiles and assessments — by International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) — last modified 2007-06-11 16:24

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Australia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America. Bibliography.

Directory of country environmental studies: An annotated bibliography of environmental and natural resource profiles and assessments — by World Resources Institute — last modified 2006-10-17 23:43

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Australia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America. Bibliography.

Directory of country environmental studies: An annotated bibliography of environmental and natural resource profiles and assessments — by World Resources Institute — last modified 2007-06-12 15:14

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Australia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America. Bibliography.

World directory of country environmental studies: An annotated bibliography of natural resource profiles, plans, and strategies, 3rd Edition — by World Resources Institute — last modified 2006-10-18 00:09

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Australia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America. Bibliography

World directory of country environmental studies: An annotated bibliography of natural resource profiles, plans, and strategies, 3rd Edition — by World Resources Institute — last modified 2007-06-12 18:49

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Australia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America. Bibliography

Balancing acts: Community based forest management and national law in Asia and the Pacific — by Authors Lynch, O. J. and K. Talbott — last modified 2006-10-17 23:57

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Australia. Asia, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, community forestry, sustainable forestry, co-management, decentralization, institutions, land tenure, communication, case study, literature review. SUMMARY: This WRI study derives from a comparative review of forest management in India, Nepal, the Philippines, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. The document examines the legal, historical and cultural settings under which CBNFM has been implemented in these countries. Lessons are also included from Papua New Guinea, which has community land tenure and was not colonized or exploited as extensively as other countries, but has also suffered forest loss.Three conclusions were drawn from the cross-country review, notably: Government level ownership and management is not sustaining forests; Forest management could be improved most by legal frameworks that secure private, community-based land tenure;Current local authority/institutions may not be sufficient to balance responsibilities if legal land tenure is disseminated to local groups. The authors note that social inequity and persistent misrepresentations of rural people contribute to the notion that community forestry according to local customs is not desirable. The authors suggest that CBNFM initiatives would benefit from better education of local resource users, increased security of land tenure, and government support of communities when they defend and sustainably manage their forests. Government-sponsored community forestry programs based on grants that can be cancelled are not effective. Rather, governments should recognize community-based tenure as if it were private ownership although the government should intervene when sustainable management is not being practiced. Zoning laws and tax levies could be altered to support this. Local groups should be adequately notified and informed as these changes take place.

Balancing acts: Community based forest management and national law in Asia and the Pacific — by Lynch, O. J. — last modified 2007-06-12 16:43

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Australia. Asia, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, community forestry, sustainable forestry, co-management, decentralization, institutions, land tenure, communication, case study, literature review. SUMMARY: This WRI study derives from a comparative review of forest management in India, Nepal, the Philippines, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. The document examines the legal, historical and cultural settings under which CBNFM has been implemented in these countries. Lessons are also included from Papua New Guinea, which has community land tenure and was not colonized or exploited as extensively as other countries, but has also suffered forest loss.Three conclusions were drawn from the cross-country review, notably: Government level ownership and management is not sustaining forests; Forest management could be improved most by legal frameworks that secure private, community-based land tenure;Current local authority/institutions may not be sufficient to balance responsibilities if legal land tenure is disseminated to local groups. The authors note that social inequity and persistent misrepresentations of rural people contribute to the notion that community forestry according to local customs is not desirable. The authors suggest that CBNFM initiatives would benefit from better education of local resource users, increased security of land tenure, and government support of communities when they defend and sustainably manage their forests. Government-sponsored community forestry programs based on grants that can be cancelled are not effective. Rather, governments should recognize community-based tenure as if it were private ownership although the government should intervene when sustainable management is not being practiced. Zoning laws and tax levies could be altered to support this. Local groups should be adequately notified and informed as these changes take place.

Contribution of forestry to economic development, with special reference to employment and income in developing countries: An annotated bibliography — by Authors Basu, R.and T. G. Johnson — last modified 2006-10-17 23:39

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America. Bibliography.

Contribution of forestry to economic development, with special reference to employment and income in developing countries: An annotated bibliography — by Basu, R. — last modified 2007-06-12 15:07

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America. Bibliography.

Twenty-month evaluation of A.I.D.'s Forest Resources Management II (FRM II) project — by Authors Parker, K.J., Dickinson, J., Harkin, D., and Myhr, R. — last modified 2006-10-17 23:01

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, EE. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America. Africa, Asia, Caribbean, Central America, Europe, South America, financing, industrial forestry, sustainable forestry, agroforestry, land use, institutional strengthening, monitoring, training, evaluation. SUMMARY: The Forest Resource Management II (FRM II) project was adopted by USAID in 1990 with the goal of promoting sustainable forest and natural resource use in developing countries. The project focused on sustainable development, especially with the use of trees in the public and private sector, and strengthening institutional capacities in tropical and subtropical developing countries. This 20-month evaluation of the project addressed the roles and accomplishments of the Forestry Support Program, the Peace Corps, and the Interamerican Management Consulting Corporation in FRM. Highlights and 160 recommendations are given in the report. The authors found the project to be largely successful, although the initiative for private enterprise had mixed results. They suggest that the projects should remain flexible to adjust to changes that are occurring in the support organizations such as USAID, while at the same time maintaining continuity in its work. The project could be expanded, with the assistance from the Peace Corps. New locations could be included such as Eastern Europe. The 160 detailed recommendations may be categorized into five areas of concern: Project redesign: assumptions, goals, project activities and relevancy should be evaluated and updated; Project financing: approved buy-ins were found to be inappropriate, and budgets should be modified to reflect proposed project expansions; Development of mechanisms to ensure partnership and trust; Expansion of private sector initiative: develop an action forum for forest production and protection; Increased monitoring of project impacts.

Twenty-month evaluation of A.I.D.'s Forest Resources Management II (FRM II) project — by Parker, K.J. — last modified 2007-06-11 18:12

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, EE. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America. Africa, Asia, Caribbean, Central America, Europe, South America, financing, industrial forestry, sustainable forestry, agroforestry, land use, institutional strengthening, monitoring, training, evaluation. SUMMARY: The Forest Resource Management II (FRM II) project was adopted by USAID in 1990 with the goal of promoting sustainable forest and natural resource use in developing countries. The project focused on sustainable development, especially with the use of trees in the public and private sector, and strengthening institutional capacities in tropical and subtropical developing countries. This 20-month evaluation of the project addressed the roles and accomplishments of the Forestry Support Program, the Peace Corps, and the Interamerican Management Consulting Corporation in FRM. Highlights and 160 recommendations are given in the report. The authors found the project to be largely successful, although the initiative for private enterprise had mixed results. They suggest that the projects should remain flexible to adjust to changes that are occurring in the support organizations such as USAID, while at the same time maintaining continuity in its work. The project could be expanded, with the assistance from the Peace Corps. New locations could be included such as Eastern Europe. The 160 detailed recommendations may be categorized into five areas of concern: Project redesign: assumptions, goals, project activities and relevancy should be evaluated and updated; Project financing: approved buy-ins were found to be inappropriate, and budgets should be modified to reflect proposed project expansions; Development of mechanisms to ensure partnership and trust; Expansion of private sector initiative: develop an action forum for forest production and protection; Increased monitoring of project impacts.

An assessment of the U.S. Agency for International Development forestry program: Needs and opportunities, final report. — by Authors Borlaug, N., S. Butterfield, H. Gregersen, N. Johnson, F. Wadsworth, and R. Youngs — last modified 2006-10-17 23:34

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South Amercia. Africa, Asia, Central America, South America, appropriate technology, fuelwood, sustainable agriculture, agroforestry, conservation, forestry department, research, community participation, evaluation, lessons learned. SUMMARY: This mid-1980's program assessment was conducted to determine if USAID's forestry activities, policies, strategies and linkages support the priorities and the strengthening of science and technology in US development assistance programs. Five conclusions concerning AID's global forestry programs were drawn: Sustainable economic and social development requires the integration of forestry with agriculture and village industry; The contribution of forestry to agriculture and rural development must incorporate research; Transferring technology, adapting it and implementing it are critical to the success of forestry technical assistance; Forestry support should be expanded and intensified, which will require strengthening of professional capability; The effectiveness of forestry program design and implementation can be increased with better coordination among donor agencies; Non-technical solutions to forestry problems should be explored and more sensitivity to social issues should be given. The authors recommend an increase in forestry assistance despite the large sums of money that have already been allocated to this sector. The authors note that the U.S. is especially qualified to provide forestry information due to experience in public forest administration, forest management, research and extension technologies, harvesting and processing of forest products. The urgency of following the team's recommendations is emphasized, as managed forests are slow to mature and therefore forestry programs must be initiated efficiently and rapidly.

An assessment of the U.S. Agency for International Development forestry program: Needs and opportunities, final report. — by Borlaug, N. — last modified 2007-06-12 14:55

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South Amercia. Africa, Asia, Central America, South America, appropriate technology, fuelwood, sustainable agriculture, agroforestry, conservation, forestry department, research, community participation, evaluation, lessons learned. SUMMARY: This mid-1980's program assessment was conducted to determine if USAID's forestry activities, policies, strategies and linkages support the priorities and the strengthening of science and technology in US development assistance programs. Five conclusions concerning AID's global forestry programs were drawn: Sustainable economic and social development requires the integration of forestry with agriculture and village industry; The contribution of forestry to agriculture and rural development must incorporate research; Transferring technology, adapting it and implementing it are critical to the success of forestry technical assistance; Forestry support should be expanded and intensified, which will require strengthening of professional capability; The effectiveness of forestry program design and implementation can be increased with better coordination among donor agencies; Non-technical solutions to forestry problems should be explored and more sensitivity to social issues should be given. The authors recommend an increase in forestry assistance despite the large sums of money that have already been allocated to this sector. The authors note that the U.S. is especially qualified to provide forestry information due to experience in public forest administration, forest management, research and extension technologies, harvesting and processing of forest products. The urgency of following the team's recommendations is emphasized, as managed forests are slow to mature and therefore forestry programs must be initiated efficiently and rapidly.

Securing community-based tenurial rights in the tropical forests of Asia — by Author Lynch, O. J. — last modified 2006-10-09 16:02

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Asia, community forestry, incentives, conservation, deforestation, extension, governance, institutions, land tenure, NGO, property rights, community participation, conflict, customary rules, case study, lessons learned. SUMMARY: This review of CBNFM in tropical Asia highlights problems resulting from unstable community-based tenure rights in South and Southeast Asia and offers recommendations for future tenure policies. Unstable tenure of forest dwellers undermined short and long-term customary incentives to conserve and sustainably manage natural resources, prevented small-scale users from legally benefiting from natural resources, and generated animosity between small-scale users and natural resources officials. Indiscriminate designation of public forest resources created open access situations that undermined community-based tenure, encouraged legal and illegal extraction of natural resources, and promoted migration and greater population density in ecologically fragile areas. The author suggests that governments should officially recognize and delineate the perimeters of existing tenure systems, especially in areas where dwellers have a demonstrable concern for the environment and a desire to manage it sustainably. Policy and programmatic solutions to tropical deforestation will fail unless the tenure rights and potential of forest dwellers are addressed. Recommendations concerning social and legal aspects of community-based tenure systems include: Promote laws and policies that provide for the recognition and delineation of community-based tenure systems; Fund research into resource uses of people living within or directly dependent on tropical forests; Fund country-specific research on alternative legal strategies for recognizing and granting tenure rights to forest resources; Strengthen natural resource bureaucracies to develop more culturally appropriate and responsive extension and educational services; Implement strategies for strengthening NGOs and community-based organizations.

Securing community-based tenurial rights in the tropical forests of Asia — by Lynch, O. J. — last modified 2007-06-12 19:06

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Asia, community forestry, incentives, conservation, deforestation, extension, governance, institutions, land tenure, NGO, property rights, community participation, conflict, customary rules, case study, lessons learned. SUMMARY: This review of CBNFM in tropical Asia highlights problems resulting from unstable community-based tenure rights in South and Southeast Asia and offers recommendations for future tenure policies. Unstable tenure of forest dwellers undermined short and long-term customary incentives to conserve and sustainably manage natural resources, prevented small-scale users from legally benefiting from natural resources, and generated animosity between small-scale users and natural resources officials. Indiscriminate designation of public forest resources created open access situations that undermined community-based tenure, encouraged legal and illegal extraction of natural resources, and promoted migration and greater population density in ecologically fragile areas. The author suggests that governments should officially recognize and delineate the perimeters of existing tenure systems, especially in areas where dwellers have a demonstrable concern for the environment and a desire to manage it sustainably. Policy and programmatic solutions to tropical deforestation will fail unless the tenure rights and potential of forest dwellers are addressed. Recommendations concerning social and legal aspects of community-based tenure systems include: Promote laws and policies that provide for the recognition and delineation of community-based tenure systems; Fund research into resource uses of people living within or directly dependent on tropical forests; Fund country-specific research on alternative legal strategies for recognizing and granting tenure rights to forest resources; Strengthen natural resource bureaucracies to develop more culturally appropriate and responsive extension and educational services; Implement strategies for strengthening NGOs and community-based organizations.

Surviving the cut: Natural forest management in the humid tropics — by Authors Johnson, N. and B. Cabarle — last modified 2006-10-16 20:26

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America, bans and boycotts, community forestry, logging, non-timber forest products, sustainable forestry, trade, certification, ecosystem services, forest concession, land tenure, policy, literature review, workshop. SUMMARY: This special report and analysis derives from the Colloquium on Sustainability in Natural Tropical Forest Management held in 1991 to discuss development assistance for natural forest management (NFM) in the tropics. The document analyzes past forest management programs and recommends actions enabling more productive, more sustainable, and more equitable NFM in the tropics.The document defines and briefly describes the state of natural tropical forests and notes important constraints to sustainable NFM. Bans and boycotts are analyzed and deemed less effective than timber certification. Three examples of NFM by governments or the private sector are examined in Colombia, Malaysia, and Cote d'Ivoire. CBNFM is discussed and examples are presented from Mexico and Peru.The authors suggest three key aspects to successful CBNFM are land and resource tenure, development of organizational cohesion and management skills, and blending of local knowledge with technical assistance to promote sustainable production.The authors recommend broadening NFM's mandate to address the urgency and complexity of tropical forest issues. A broad, effective NFM mandate would require: Establishing an ecological basis for NFM; Improving timber concession agreements and rent capture; Strengthening community-based management systems; Applying a 'use it or lose it' principle of conservation through NFM; Establishing policies for a permanent forest estate.

Surviving the cut: Natural forest management in the humid tropics — by Johnson, N. — last modified 2007-06-12 15:24

KEYWORD: Community-based Natural Forest Management, World. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Africa. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Asia. Community-based Natural Forest Management, Central America. Community-based Natural Forest Management, South America, bans and boycotts, community forestry, logging, non-timber forest products, sustainable forestry, trade, certification, ecosystem services, forest concession, land tenure, policy, literature review, workshop. SUMMARY: This special report and analysis derives from the Colloquium on Sustainability in Natural Tropical Forest Management held in 1991 to discuss development assistance for natural forest management (NFM) in the tropics. The document analyzes past forest management programs and recommends actions enabling more productive, more sustainable, and more equitable NFM in the tropics.The document defines and briefly describes the state of natural tropical forests and notes important constraints to sustainable NFM. Bans and boycotts are analyzed and deemed less effective than timber certification. Three examples of NFM by governments or the private sector are examined in Colombia, Malaysia, and Cote d'Ivoire. CBNFM is discussed and examples are presented from Mexico and Peru.The authors suggest three key aspects to successful CBNFM are land and resource tenure, development of organizational cohesion and management skills, and blending of local knowledge with technical assistance to promote sustainable production.The authors recommend broadening NFM's mandate to address the urgency and complexity of tropical forest issues. A broad, effective NFM mandate would require: Establishing an ecological basis for NFM; Improving timber concession agreements and rent capture; Strengthening community-based management systems; Applying a 'use it or lose it' principle of conservation through NFM; Establishing policies for a permanent forest estate.

Community-based forest management at a crossroads: The future of sustainable forest management in the Philippines — by Authors Mickelwait, D. R, B. R. Harker, and E. S. Guiang — last modified 2006-09-27 12:24

KEWWORD: Community-based Natural forest Management, Asia. Asia, Philippines, community forestry, logging, sustainable agriculture, sustainable forestry, agroforestry, conservation, contracts, institutional collaboration, institutions, policy, training, poverty abatement, lessons learned, project report. SUMMARY: This report is the narrative portion of the DAI Contract Completion Report for the Natural Resources Management Project-II. An overview of the U.S. Government’s support to Community-Based Forest Management in the Philippines is given before specific implementation details are examined. USAID’s role in developing community-based forest management (CBFM) in the Philippines has been very important. In the 1980s, projects established a foothold for new approaches to protecting forests. The focus was on communities at the boundaries of upland agriculture, agroforestry and standing timber. This was followed by the NRMP-I, which focused on policy and community-based management. This program has become the only proven, environmentally sound and sustainable means of forest management in this area. NRMP-II was established in 1995 and focused on counteracting policies detrimental to community-based management. In the following years, partnerships have been developed among institutions and local governmental units (LGUs), rights and responsibilities have been clarified, and strengths and weaknesses in the programs have become apparent. To highlight the issues that have emerged frequently, the authors examine 10 questions regarding these projects in the Philippines: What land area is CBFM designed to protect and rehabilitate? Who are the principle actors controlling CBFM’s fate and what is the primary policy challenge facing the program? How has NRMP assisted in improving procedures sustainable forestry? How can LGUs that promote forest communities become CBFMA recipients? What economic principles support CBFM agreements and industrial forest management agreements? How do planning and other spatial mapping programs contribute to sustainable forestry? Can the CBFMA-supported people’s organizations create viable cooperatives? The authors conclude that USAID’s leadership is still needed as CBFM establishes itself as a viable economic development strategy in the upland areas, and that USAID can make a significant contribution by providing high-level technical assistance. This includes professional skills to complete environmental assessments and technical surveys, and serve as the interface between local government units and the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources.