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LTPR Matrix
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The matrix consists of | five categories of LTPR issues...
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...and six categories of interventions:
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The matrix is not meant to be read sequentially from left to right, nor from top to bottom; rather, it serves as a menu of issues and interventions that need to be considered within the realm of land tenure and property rights. Individual cells of the matrix represent critical intersections between issues and interventions. Within each heading of the LTPR issues categories are subissues that include historical, cultural, political, economic, and social nuance. This nuance provides depth and complexity to the issues. For example, “Violent Conflict/ Post-Conflict Instability” in itself is generic, but when the focus is an issue dealing with displaced persons or the restoration of rule of law in a conflict or post-conflict situation, this category takes on practical dimensions for LTPR policy and program development.
SUBISSUES
Within the columns of issues described in the matrix, there is a host of
LTPR subissues. Often, there is more than one issue at play in a
country/regional context; thus a number of issues and a host of subissues come
into play.
Subissues illustrate the delicate balance between issue identification
and analysis—that is, the identification of problems and their causes. Examples
of subissues that come up under each issue category include the following.
- Violent
Conflict/Post-Conflict Instability. Deaths resulting from conflict over land and natural
resources; refugees/internally displaced persons; returning combatants;
inequitable land resources distribution; destruction of land records and
property rights infrastructure; and weak or absent rule of law and trusted
governance systems.
- Unsustainable NRM/Biodiversity Loss. Natural resource loss, degradation, and/or unregulated exploitation; peri-urban sprawl; poor land-use planning and management; land fragmentation; and loss of and encroachment on protected areas.
- Insecure Tenure and Property Rights. Open access; loss of indigenous rights; loss of transhumant rights; loss of equitable rights; evictions of tenants and farm workers; eminent domain; insufficient duration of rights; and limited individual or group rights defined and supported by the law.
- Inequitable Access to Land and Natural Resources. Unequal access and distribution of resources; landlessness/squatting; resource theft; and uneconomical/nonproductive land or resource holdings.
- Poorly Performing Land Markets. Failed/failing inheritance systems; insecure contracts; high transaction costs; limited sharecropping/rental/tenancy opportunities; constrained sales or markets; speculation; limited collateral opportunities; and failed/failing marital property practices.
Organizing the Universe of Land Tenure and Property Rights Interventions
As land is a main factor for economic production in most countries where USAID operates, it is the main focus of the LTPR framework. For the most part, land tenure will refer to the ways in which individuals or groups acquire access to land, the rights they hold, and the ways they defend those rights. Most decisions made over land have a direct and often immediate impact on NRM and property rights.
The LTPR matrix (figure above) is designed to visualize the
categories of possible issues and interventions associated with land tenure and
property rights. Here in Table 1, the LTPR matrix is populated to illustrate
the possible range of LTPR interventions that could be employed in transitional
development programming. The range of possible interventions is large but
finite; not all possible interventions are noted here. Both the range of possible interventions and the sequence in which they
are applied can have either a singular effect on an issue, or a multiplying
effect on a number of LTPR issues/subissues.
Selecting from among the range of possibilities and understanding the sequence in which issues and interventions need to be addressed are critical to the practice of LTPR programming. Although there is no ideal sequencing of LTPR interventions, USAID is constantly learning lessons about how the sequencing of interventions can influence outputs and impacts associated with LTPR reforms.
click here to see example of the LTPR Universe: Potential Interventions for LTPR Issues matrix
Cross-Cutting Interventions
LTPR reforms will languish or alienate significant portions of any population unless interventions are specifically dedicated to removing the legal impediments that discriminate against women and marginalized groups. Public information and capacity building are essential tools for creating and implementing policy, helping communities maintain and enforce customary rights, and ensuring that beneficiaries know and understand their rights and act on them responsibly.
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LTPR Framework: An Analytical and Development Planning Tool
